Сборник заданий по теме "История медицины" (англ. язык)

Сборник заданий предназначен для самстоятельной работы студентов медицинского колледжа по дисциплине "Английский язык" и содержит познавательные тексты медицинской направленности, которые сопровождаются лексико-грамматическими заданиями, позволяющими студентам пополнить свой словарный запас новой английской лексикой из области медицины и повторить основные грамматические явления английского языка.

1. ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

СРЕДНЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«САМАРСКИЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ ИМ. Н. ЛЯПИНОЙ»

Сборник заданий

для самостоятельной работы обучающихся по дисциплине

Иностранный язык (английский)

Часть 1: «История медицины»

Разработчик: преподаватель английского языка Суркина О.В.

Сборник заданий для самостоятельной работы по теме «История медицины», предназначен для организации аудиторной и внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы студентов, разработан в соответствии с Федеральным государственным образовательным стандартом по специальностям среднего профессионального образования: 33.02.01 Фармация, 34.02.01 Сестринское дело, 31.02.02 Акушерское дело, 31.02.03 Лабораторная диагностика, 31.02.05 Стоматология ортопедическая.

Сборник предназначен для самостоятельной работы студентов младших курсов медицинских колледжей и содержит тексты об истории и развитии медицины, выдающихся ученых и медиках, лексико-грамматические упражнения к текстам и задания на развитие разговорных навыков и навыков аудирования. Сборник снабжен тестовыми заданиями для самоконтроля, помогающими обучающимся оценить свой прогресс.

Пояснительная записка

Данный сборник является частью рабочих программ учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)» для специальностей: Фармация, Сестринское дело, Акушерское дело, Лабораторная диагностика, Стоматология ортопедическая, Лечебное дело, составленных в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС третьего поколения.

Сборник предназначен для самостоятельной работы студентов младших курсов медицинских колледжей и содержит тексты об истории и развитии медицины, выдающихся ученых и медиках, лексико-грамматические упражнения к текстам и задания на развитие разговорных навыков и навыков аудирования.

Содержание сборника ориентировано на студентов, уже владеющих базовыми знаниями английского языка на уровне 10-11 классов общеобразовательной школы, достаточными для дальнейшего совершенствования языковых навыков в профессионально-ориентированной медицинской сфере. Базовые знания и умения, сформированные при изучении иностранного языка в школе проходят через весь курс данной дисциплины в колледже и применяются при изучении последующих тем, входящих в рабочую программу дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)». Данный сборник заданий помогает обучающимся углублять свои знания, развивать умения и использовать их для расширения своего кругозора и развития общих компетенций, таких как:

ОК1. Понимать сущность и социальную значимость будущей профессии, проявлять к ней устойчивый интерес.

ОК2. Организовывать собственную деятельность, выбирать типовые методы и способы выполнения профессиональных задач, оценивать их эффективность и качество.

ОК4. Осуществлять поиск и использование информации, необходимой для эффективного выполнения профессиональных задач, профессионального и личностного развития.

ОК5. Использовать информационно-коммуникативные технологии в профессиональной деятельности.

Цель пособия:

развитие у студентов навыков и умений чтения, перевода со словарем иностранных текстов медицинской направленности, составления монологических высказываний на заданные темы,

пополнение лексического запаса учащихся словами из области медицины и смежных областей,

повторение и закрепление уже знакомых учащимся грамматических явлений английского языка,

развитие умения самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять словарный запас.

Рекомендации по работе со сборником заданий для студентов.

Данный сборник заданий состоит из двух частей. Первая часть включает общепознавательные тексты по истории и развитию медицины, начиная с древних времен и до настоящего времени. Вторая часть сборника содержит тексты о биографии выдающихся ученых и медиков и рассказы об истории совершения важных открытий в области медицины.

1. Прежде чем приступить к чтению каждого текста рекомендуем вам обратить внимание на слова, выделенные в рамке перед текстом. Перевод этих слов вы можете найти в словаре, приведенном в конце данного пособия. Эти слова составляют тот лексический миниммум, который вам необходимо будет знать после прохождения всего учебного курса данного учебного пособия.

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст с помощью англо-русского словаря.

3. Выполните задания после текста. Лексико-грамматические задания в пособии построены по принципу от простого к сложному. Тексты в первой части пособия сопровождаются упражнениями тестового характера (например, вставить недостающее слово в предложение, соединить слова с их определением), вторая часть уже включает задания на развитие разговорных навыков (например, составить рассказ, пользуясь заполненной таблицей).

4. Для успешного усвоения материала все задания должны выполняться в той последовательности, в которой они приведены в данном сборнике.

5. По итогам работы с каждой частью данного пособия вам нужно выполнить тестовые задания для контроля усвоения вами пройденного материала.

6. После прочтения всех текстов и выполнения всех заданий, представленных в этом сборнике, вы сможете написать итоговый тест, включающий задания по всему пройденному вами материалу.

Надеемся, что данный сборник заданий поможет вам не только усовершенствовать ваше знание английского языка, но и расширить ваш кругозор. Вы узнаете много новых и интересных фактов, непосредственно касающихся вашей будущей профессии. Желаем успехов!

Part 1 History of medicine.

I Read and translate the text.

Words for learning

healthy, ill, illness, broken bone, plant, taste, test, safe, discover, fever, medicine, sore skin

Early Medicine.

Early people were nomads – they didn't live in one place and traveled around to look for food. Early people were healthy, because they lived outdoors most of the time and they walked and ran a lot. They hunted animals and ate meat and plants when they were still fresh. Early nomads used mud to heal broken bones. If they broke an arm or a leg, they put wet mud on it. Then the mud became dry and hard, and it stopped the arm or leg moving so that the bone inside could heal.

Early people believed that they got ill because evil spirits were inside them. Many people had amulets – things that can bring luck. They hoped that their amulets could stop them being ill. People cared for each other when they were ill. A shaman was a man or woman who sang songs, danced, and did magic spells to make people well. Many people believed that these magic spells worked. Nowadays some people also visit shamans because they believe that a shaman can help them.

When early people tasted plants to test which ones were safe to eat, they sometimes discovered plants that cured illness and fever. These plants were the first medicines. One of the oldest books about medicines made from plants was written in China more than four thousand years ago. Most early medicines were made from parts of plants such as flowers. People ate the plant parts or they made them into drinks. Sometimes they made the plant parts into lotions to put on their body. Nowadays many people also use medicines made from plants. For example, we use lotions made from aloe vera plants to make sore skin feel better.

II Answer the questions.

Why were early people healthy?

What did they eat?

How did early people heal broken bones?

Who was a shaman?

How did early people discover plants that cured illness and fever?

When was the first book about medicines made from plants written?

What are the lotions made from aloe vera plants used for?

Vocabulary Exercises

I Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and phrases.

кочевники, здоровые люди, свежий, растения, накладывать влажную грязь, сломанные кости, заживать, злые духи, приносящий удачу, больной, совершать магические обряды, пробовать (на вкус), проверять, безопасный, обнаруживать, болезнь, лихорадка, лекарство, лосьон, раздраженная кожа.

II Match the words with their definitions.

1. shaman a. people who do not live in one place

2. discover b. a man or a woman doing magic spells

3. nomads c. things that can bring luck to people

4. amulets d. to find something new

III Complete the sentences.

If early people broke an arm or a leg, they put wet …. on it.

Most early medicines were made from parts of …. .

Early people believed that they got ill because …. were inside them.

People …. plants to test which ones were …. to eat.

A shaman sang songs, danced, and did …. to make people well.

People use …. made from aloe vera plants to make …. skin feel better.

Grammar Exercises

To be - быть

Present (настоящее)

Past (прошедшее)

Future (будущее)

I shall be

You will be

He/ she/ it is

He, she, it was

He, she, it will be

We shall be

They will be

I Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb to be:

Early people …. nomads. They …. healthy people.

Hippocrates … the most famous of all the Greek doctors.

Amulets . things that people think are lucky.

Lotion from aloe vera plant … a cream that people use to make sore skin feel better.

My brother … a doctor when he graduates from the university next year.

She … at home last night.

This medicine … safe and effective.

My friend … ill last week, but now he feels better.

This amulet … lucky.

Nowadays there … many medicines made from plants.

Present Simple Tense – Простое настоящее время

I do not use

Do I use?

You do not use

Do you use?

He/she/it uses

He/she/it does not use

Does he/she/it use?

We do not use

Do we use?

They do not use

Do they use?

II Ask two questions to every sentence.

Many people believe that amulets can bring luck.

Nowadays some people visit shamans.

I use this lotion to make my skin feel better.

This medicine is made from plants.

I always take this medicine to cure fever.

I Read and translate the text.

Words for learning

ancient, bandage, wound, cure, patient, honey, heal, prevent, rest, giant, waste

Medicine in ancient times.

Ancient Egiptians. We know about medicine in Ancient Egypt because Ancient Egiptians wrote about their world. They cut words into walls and wrote on a type of paper. We know that Ancient Egyptians used magic spells to cure people, but they also had the first doctors. These doctors made medicines from plants, and they were good at putting bandages on wounds. They also used honey to help wounds to heal. This was a good idea. Even today, doctors put honey on wounds because it helps wounds to heal quickly.

Ancient Greeks. About 2 500 years ago in Ancient Greece many people believed that evil spirits or angry gods made them ill. Hippocrates was a Greek doctor and a teacher. He is the most famous of all the Greek doctors. And he is often called “the father of medicine”. Hippocrates believed that people bacame ill because there was something wrong with there body. He told doctors to watch patients and to think about their illnesses. Doctors wrote down what they learnt. They made medicines from plants and they wrote about which medicines worked. Soon doctors started to understand different illnesses. To prevent illness they told people to eat good food, to rest often and to do exercise.

Ancient Romans. Ancient Roman doctors learnt that being dirty and drinking dirty water could make people ill. To prevent illness Ancient Romans built baths and toilets for lots of people to use. At the baths there were big pools like swimming pools. Every day Romans went to the baths to wash and to meet friends. In some places Romans built giant bridges called aqueducts that brought water to cities from the high hills. This gave people clean water that they could drink and use. Romans also built pipes to take waste away from the cities to keep the cities clean.

II Answer the questions.

How do we know about medicine in Ancient Egypt?

What did Ancient Egyptians use to help wounds to heal?

Who believed that people got ill because there was something wrong with their body?

What did doctors in Ancient Greece tell people to do to prevent illness?

Why did Ancient Romans build baths and toilets for lots of people to use?

What is an aqueduct?

Vocabulary Exercises

I Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.

древние египтяне, высекать слова на стенах, вылечить, накладывать повязку на рану, мед, быстро зажить, древние греки, Гиппократ, пациент, предотвратить болезнь, часто отдыхать, древние римляне, бани, огромные мосты, акведук, трубы, мусор.

III Complete the sentences.

Ancient …. doctors learnt that being dirty could make people ill.

Ancient Egyptian doctors were good at putting …. on wounds.

Every day Romans went to the …. to wash and to meet friends.

Romans built pipes to take …. away from the cities to keep the cities clean.

Giant bridges called …. brought water to the cities from high hills.

…. was the most famous of all the Greek doctors.

Hippocrates is called the …. of medicine.

To …. illness doctors told people to eat good food, to rest often and to do exercise.

IV Fill in the blanks with prepositions.

Ancient Egyptians cut words into walls and wrote . a type . paper.

Doctors made medicines . plants, and they were good . putting bandages . wounds.

Even today, doctors put honey . wounds because it helps wounds to heal quickly.

. Ancient Greece many people believed that evil spirits or angry gods made them ill.

Ancient Greek doctors made medicines made . plants and they wrote about which medicines worked.

Romans built giant bridges called aqueducts that brought water to cities … the high hills.

Grammar Exercises

I Pay attention to the sentence from the text. Обратите внимание на предложение из текста:

Romans also built pipes to take waste away from the cities to keep the cities clean. Римляне

также проводили трубы, чтобы удалить мусор из городов и поддерживать чистоту в городах.

We use the infinitive to say the reason for doing something.

Find other examples of this use of the infinitive in the text. Write them out and translate.

Past Simple Tense — Простое прошедшее время

The doctors made medicines

Did the doctors make medicines?

What did the doctors make?

he, she, it made

Did I make?

Did you make?

Did he/she/it make?

Did we make?

Did you make?

Did they make?

II Ask special questions to the sentences.

Ancient Egyptians used magic spells to cure people. (What. /Who. )

Ancient Romans built baths and toilets for lots of people. (Who. / What. )

Hippocrates was a Greek doctor and a teacher. (Who. )

In Ancient Egypt people cut words into walls. (Where. )

Being dirty and drinking dirty water made people ill. (What …)

Romans went to the baths to wash and to meet friends. (Why. )

III Make up sentences from the given words.

used/to make/plants/Ancient doctors/medicines.

thought/Ancient Romans/drinking/ill./dirty water/that/made people/

Doctors/were/putting bandages/in Egypt/on wounds./good at/on wounds

Every day/ went/ to wash/ Romans/ and/ to meet friends./ to the baths

used /Early/mud/ to heal/people/ broken/ bones.

safe to eat./Early people/ plants/ which ones /tasted /were / to test

I Read and translate the text.

Words for learning

diagnose, treat, feel, needle, acupuncture points, backache, toothache, headache

Doctors and ideas

We usually go to a doctor when we feel bad and we want to know what is wrong with us. We expect that doctors should know about our disease and how to cure it. At different times doctors had different ideas about how to diagnose and treat people.

Ayurvedic medicine started in India about 3 000 years ago. Ayurvedic doctos ask a patient about their life – how they live, what they eat and how they feel. To make people well and to prevent illness, Ayurvedic doctors tell people what foods to eat and what exercise to do. They also give people medicines made from plants, and they show them how to do yoga. Today many people around the world use Ayurvedic medicine.

Acupuncture is a type of medicine that people have used for thousands of years in China, Japan and Korea. Today, people use acupuncture in many places around the world. Acupuncture doctors put thin needles into a patients body at special places called acupuncture points. The needles stay in the body for up to 30 minutes, then the doctor takes them out. No one really knows how acupuncture works, but people often use it to treat backache, toothache and headaches and to stop people feeling ill.

Vocabulary Exercises

I Find the words and phrases in the text.

ставить диагноз, лечить, аюрведическая медицина, чувствовть, учить заниматься йогой, лекарства растительного происхождения, Китай, Япония, тонкие иглы, акупунктурные точки, оставаться в теле, боль в спине, зубная боль, головная боль.

II Put the words in order to make sentences.

The doctor/needles/into/a patients body./puts

Grammar Exercises

What grammar tense is used in the sentence?

В каком грамматическом времени построено следующее предложение?

Acupuncture is a type of medicine that people have used for thousands of years in China, Japan and Korea.

Время Present Perfect используется для описания действия, которое началось с какого-то момента в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени. Часто в таких предложениях используются обстоятельства и предлоги времени

for, since, yet, already, just, ever, never

I have used

he has used

she has used

it has used

we have used

you have used

they have used

I have not used

he has not used

she has not used

it has not used

we have not used

you have not used

they have not used

Have I used?

Has he used?

Has she used?

Has it used?

Have we used?

Have you used?

Have they used?

I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Use the Present Perfect Tense.

We have already (to learn) a lot of English words.

How long you (to know) this doctor?

I never (to travel) abroad.

Julia speaks English so well because she (to live) in London for a year.

I just (to meet) your friend in the street.

He is a very good doctor. He (cure) me completely.

My headache alreay (go).

I never (use) acupuncture.

You ever (taste) this cake?

My wound already (heal).

I Read and translate the text.

Words for learning

influenza, plague, fight, infected, incurable, care for, nurs, ward, surgeon, badly wounded

Medicine in the Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages millions of people died from such diseases as diphtheria, typhoid, fever, influenza and leprosy. But the worst disease at that time was the plague. Plague (the “Black death”) killed millions of people in Europe and Asia. Nobody knew how to fight with the disease and people just ran away from the infected areas. Leprosy was also incurable. Patients with leprosy lived in special colonies away from other people.

The first hospitals appeared in Ceylon in the fifth century b. c. and in India in 260 b. c. During the Middle Ages hospitals were founded in Italy, France, England and other European countries. Monks and nuns cared for patients in hospitals. They were not doctors or nurses and they did not cure patients. They just gave patients food and a bed and said prayers with them. Monks and nuns cared for many patients who had the plague because the patients had to stay in hospital until they died.

At the same time in the Middle East there were many hospitals. Many doctors and nurses cared for patients there. These doctors also made medicines for patients. They treated everyone who came to them and they taught new doctors and nurses about diseases. There were different wards for different diseases in these hospitals. There were also pools and fountains because doctors thought that the sound of moving water helped patients to rest.

Barbers were the first surgeons. People could go to barber shops where the barbers cut hair. They could also pull out sore teeth. Later barbers started to treat wounds from fights and cut off arms or legs which were badly wounded.

Vocabulary Exercises

I Find the following words and phrases in the text.

Дифтерия, брюшной тиф, лихорадка, грипп, чума, бороться с заболеванием, зараженные территории, неизлечимый, монах, монахиня, заботиться, пациент, медсестра, читать молитвы, изготовлять лекарства, палата, отдыхать, цирюльник, хирург, выдернуть больной зуб, тяжело раненый

II Fill in the blanks.

The worst …. in the Middle Ages was the plague. Nobody knew how to …. with the disease. Monks and …. did not cure patients, they just gave patients food and a bed. Doctors in the Middle Ages made …. from plants. Acupuncture doctors put thin …. into a patients body at special places called …. points.

I Read and translate the text.

Words for learning

inject, blood, develop, invent, pain, surgery, discover, x-rays, vaccine, smallpox

Scientific developments of the 18 th - 20 th centuries.

During the 18 th century doctors discovered cures for many dangerous diseases such as smallpox (оспа). In 1796 a British doctor Edward Jenner developed a method of “vaccination”. He made smallpox vaccines from cowpox – a disease that cows had. His vaccine stopped thousands of people dying from smallpox. The vaccine is a weak type of a virus or bacteria. When a vaccine is injected to a patient his body starts to make antibodies (substances in the blood that can kill viruses and bacteria). In future the patient who has been vaccinated will not get this disease again because the antibodies in his body will kill viruses or bacteria if they get inside the body.

Later in the 19 th century a French chemist Louis Pasteur developed Edward Jenners invention and made a vaccine for hydrophobia. Louis Pasteur is also known as the founder of modern microbiology. He discovered that infection was caused by germs that were spread through the air. He proved that germs could be killed in liquids by heat and developed the process of pasteurisation.

About one thousand years ago doctors in the Middle East started to make anesthetics (drugs which help patients not to feel pain). The first anesthetics were made from plants. Doctors made some plants into medicines for patients to put into their mouth. Later new anesthetics were invented. One of them was cocain which was discovered in the 19 th century. Cocain was very effective as a local anesthetic.Surgeons could inject cocain into a certain part of the body and stop the patient feeling pain during the surgery. When the problem of pain was solved surgeons could perform long and complicated operations.

In 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw that the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. These rays were unknown to him and he called them X-rays.

During the first part of the 20th century a lot of important advances were made. In 1922 Frederik Banting discovered that insulin was very effective against diabetes. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. It was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. After penicillin a series of other anti-infectious drugs were discovered. All these drugs are known as antibiotics.

Vocabulary Exercises

I Find the following words and phrases in the text.

Оспа, вакцинация, коровья оспа, ввести вакцину, кровь, развивать, изобретение, вакцина от бешенства, анастезия, лекарство, чувствовать боль, хирургическая операция, открывать (обнаруживать), жидкость, местное обезболивающее, хирург, длинные и сложные операции, рентгеновские лучи, диабет